How To Earn Money On Facebook

How To Earn Money On FaceBook

Earn Dollars

Most of the people think that FB is just a social networking website and you can use it only for entertainment or time pass, but only FEW people know that you can use Facebook as a cash cow. But it’s possible only when you’ve a perfect strategy and a complete step by step blueprint. Facebook has more than 600 million users today and it’s a huge market. If you learn how to monetize this market then you’ll start making money in no time.

What I do to make money with Facebook?

Few weeks back, after spending a lot of time and efforts, I developed a really powerful method to make money with Facebook. I call it - “Facebook Wealth Formula” (FWF). Using FWF you can make $500 a day from your own Facebook account and you don’t need to have any prior experience or special skills. Sounds interesting? Then please keep reading… Reading this whole page will take only 3 minutes, but it can be a turning point of your life! Not only this, you’ll get your very own personal copy of Facebook Wealth Formula from this page, TOTALLY FREE!

Usually, I sell FWF at a high price on the websites like Avangate, PayLoadz and Clickbank but because not every one is capable of paying money so I’ve created this website solely for the purpose of giving away 45 copies, FREE OF COST! Yes, 100% FREE and you won’t have to pay even a single penny to get it! Happy?

I know that there’re a lot of newbies who’re struggling to make a fortune on the internet. So, by offering these “No Cost” copies I am helping them to get started, fast! I’ve made this website especially to offer free copies, so consider yourself very lucky if you’ve got one. For your kind information, I would like to tell you that while you’ve 100% FREE access to it, FWF is still selling for a high price on Clickbank and Payloadz . All of my paid customers are really very happy. Most of them have started making money with Facebook within just 2-3 weeks. Isn’t it awesome?

What This Method Is All About?

FWF comes as a PDF file which contains TONS of screenshots and every micro detail about this method. After reading it, you’ll learn how to make $500 a day from your own Facebook account even if you don’t have any website or a product to sell. Yes, you read it right!  After reading this PDF, anyone can make $500 a day from it’s Facebook account with total ease.

If you start applying it IMMEDIATELY, then you’ll see the results within just 4 weeks.

This is the most updated, guaranteed and 100% successful method of making money with Facebook. PERIOD!

Because, I am not charging anything from you and I am offering FWF totally free at this special page (limited copies), so there’s no need to “lure” you by showing any income or traffic screenshots. But still just to tell you how powerful this method is, I would like to share some of the income screenshots below.  I spend not more than 30 minutes a day to keep this system running and still make a killing out of it.

• Make 5000 Facebook friends in just 7 days, straight!
• Get 50,000 Facebook “Likes” in just 30 days, AUTOPILOT!
• Get laser targeted traffic to your websites and blogs.
• Make over $500 a day, even if you don’t have a website or a blog

Not Only This…

• You won’t have to be an SEO or Facebook expert.
• You won’t have to create or develop any game or application.
• You won’t have to join any Facebook fan page or group or something like that.
• You won’t have to write articles, SEO contents or anything like that.
• You won’t have to send email or call anyone.

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new fashion dress 2015

Pakistani Stylish Dresses For Girls and Women 2015

Each single year the trends of the women Styleh dresses for Eid has been appearing with so many changes. That will surely gives the best chance to the women and girls to highlight them differently on Eid each passing year. Most of the ladies make the choice of finding the dresses designs that have been complete designed in the stylish and fashionable concepts. But as we all know that Eid is religious occasion so women mostly favor choosing with the stylishly designed traditional Pakistani dresses designs.
 

new fashion dress 2015

If we talk about latest trends of stylish dresses 2015 for girls than in this list on the top we have the long shirts. Women can find the long and short shirts that are complete set with the styling of being open and straight A-line shirts. Now it is the choice of women that which style of dress will going to suit her best. Long dress can be set with the pairing of churidar pajamas and trousers. If we look further into the fancy dresses category then we will be finding palazzo pants and jumpsuits as well that is becoming one of the latest fashion style statements of the teenage girls.

new fashion dress 2015

new fashion dress 2015

new fashion dress 2015

new fashion dress 2015

New Stylish Dresses Collection 2015 By Pakistani Fashion Designers

You can set them all along with the kurtas and even with short dresses. Further we even have the option of choosing the stylish frocks  dresses which women can opt for the Eid occasions. It is simply the best choice to give the women personality with the impressive and elegant looks. Decoration of the fancy dresses is usually done with the beautiful embroidery and lace work that is additionally put within thread designing too. There are many fashion designers and brands that are coming ahead inside the fashion market with their clothing collections based on the Eid festival.
You should simply be choosing the one which you think can make you look unique and extraordinary looking for others. In this post we will have a look at some images of Pakistani women dresses for Eid. You can even take the maximum help from the fashion based websites with the help of which you can learn more about the latest trends of stylish and formal dresses for Eid. So choose the lovely and Pakistani stylish dresses designs 2015 right now and make this coming Eid 2015 special and filled with fashion. Go for it as soon as possible because this offer will be closed soon.

new fashion dress 2015

new fashion dress 2015

new fashion dress 2015

new fashion dress 2015

new fashion dress 2015

new fashion dress 2015

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Lose the pudge

10 Reasons Your Belly Fat Isn't Going Away

Yes, stomach pudge may be stubborn, but here are a slew of research-proven ways to dump it for good.

Lose the pudge

A little bit of belly fat is actually good for you: it protects your stomach, intestines, and other delicate organs. But too much fat is anything but healthy. Extra fat cells deep in your abdomen (aka visceral fat) generate adipose hormones and adipokines—chemical troublemakers that travel to your blood vessels and organs, where they cause inflammation that can contribute to problems like heart disease and diabetes. The good news? Every pound you shed can help reduce your girth. "Once women start losing weight, they typically lose 30% more abdominal fat compared with total fat," says Rasa Kazlauskaite, MD, an endocrinologist at the Rush University Prevention Center in Chicago. Even better, the choices you make every day can supercharge your ability to burn belly fat. Here are 10 common pitfalls—and ways to undo each one.

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How to Weight Loss

Smart girl

Tap your foot

Your skinnier friends are probably fidgeters, who burn up to 350 calories a day just by tapping their feet or being restless.

Try it for a few days. Walk around while you’re on the phone, or tap out a tune with your hands or feet (in the privacy of your own office, of course).

In fact, do a couple of swaps a day and you can drop 10 pounds in 5 weeks! So try these 25 easy tweaks—and get the slim body you want in no time.

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20 Tricks to Stay Slim

Health

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20 Tricks to Stay Slim Without Thinking About it

Forget counting calories. Instead, follow these totally doable waist-whittling tips that happen to require zero deprivation.

The no-diet diet

Sneaky calorie bombs are hiding everywhere, but that doesn't mean you have to suffer scale creep. "You're still in control of your eating," says Keri Gans, RDN, who counsels clients in New York City. "Don't worry too much about occasional indulgences. It's the little things you do every day that can keep you on track." She's talking about super-simple tricks that help you feel less hungry and burn more fat from breakfast to bedtime. Here, we've collected our favorite nondiet tips

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umer akmal

umer akmal

Pakistan Won The Match !
umer akmal has scored highest runs in this match against afghanistan.

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Gunday 2014

GUNDAY

“Gunday” is a period piece, but it is first and foremost a mainstream commercial
movie aimed at the biggest possible modern-day audience.

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snow fall

Its looks amazing,peoples are enjoying snowfall in Abbottabad ......... this is first snow fall in 2014 in Abbottabad.....peoples are very excited..

snow fall pics in Abbottabad

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about the pregency

The Basics

It’s important to take care of yourself and your baby during pregnancy. To keep you and your baby healthy:

·         See your doctor or midwife regularly.

·         Get important prenatal (“pree-NAY-tuhl”) tests.

·         Don’t smoke or drink alcohol.

·         Eat healthy foods and stay active.

·         Prevent infections.

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New fashion 2013 end

That is not to say that Cressida doesn't scrub up nicely. A roster of summer society weddings showcased her weakness for boho maxi dresses in jazzy patterns paired with neat cropped jackets. For a pre-Wimbledon party (she's a keen tennis player) she donned a wafty jumpsuit, posing politely with her half-sister Isabella Branson. She's wisely steered clear of hats, leaving millinery statements to her friends the Princesses Eugenie and Beatrice, opting instead for hippie-ish flowers. Not for Cressie the thrice-weekly blow-dries; she prefers a more tousled, natural approach, and is as wedded to that aforementioned scrunchie as Kate is to her nude LK Bennett courts.

Cressie's way: boho chic at the wedding of Lady Natasha Rufus Isaacs; a maxi dress with a sequined jacket at the wedding of Lady Melissa Percy; a striking jumpsuit at the Ralph Lauren Wimbledon Party. Photo: REX, Getty

If Tatler' s October issue is to be believed, Bonas reserves most of her sartorially inclined energies for parties. Tatler tells us she is "obsessed with fancy dress" - and they've dug out all the old Bystander pictures to prove it, the highlight of which shows her dressed as a caterpillar as part of her 2010 London Marathon effort. But most encouragingly, the tabloids have yet to uncover a photograph of Cressie topless. That, as she herself might say, would be cringe de la cringe .

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8 oct 2005 earth quake in pakistan

8th October 2013 - Let's take this moment to remember the Earth quake victims of Pakistan . This event was one of the worst events to happen in our country's history. We appeal all our friends to remember these earth quake victims in your prayers, also make a special prayer for Pakistan. May Allah (SWT) keep our beloved country & he Muslim Ummah safe in his kind care and protect from all enemies, calamities and disasters (Ameen)

Note: Here's the 8th October 2005 earthquake special report from Mansehra Hazara.

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qurbani animal cow and goat images and different information of all mandis of pakistan 2013

qurbani animal cow images 

guyss what price in this cow and weight ??
20 mann weight and 180000 price cow

beautifull cow image 

goat are sale abbottabad havelian mandi ..

sindh and punjab different information of mandis

goat are sale abbottabad havelian mandi ..

jarsi cross cow

goat are sale abbottabad havelian mandi ..2013

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I m malala has been published

New book from Malala Yousafzai details journey from schoolgirl to activist



A year ago, Malala Yousafzai was a 15-year-old schoolgirl in northwest Pakistan, thinking about calculus and chemistry, Justin Bieber songs and Twilight movies.

Today she’s the world-famous survivor of a Taliban assassination attempt, an activist for girls’ education – and a contender to win the Nobel Peace Prize later this week.

It’s easy to forget she is still a teenager, and now a long way from home.

The memoir I Am Malala goes some way toward redressing that balance. Published around the world on Tuesday, the book reveals a girl who likes Ugly Betty and the cooking show Masterchef, worries about her clothes and her hair, but also has an iron determination that comes from experience beyond her 16 years.

The book, written with the British journalist Christina Lamb, recounts Malala’s life before and after the moment on Oct. 9, 2012, when a gunman boarded a school bus full of girls in Pakistan’s Swat Valley and asked “Who is Malala?” Then he shot her in the head.

The shooting is described briefly but vividly in the book, which is briskly written but full of arresting detail. “The air smelt of diesel, bread and kebab mixed with the stink from the stream where people still dumped their rubbish,” Malala remembers. One of her friends tells her later that the gunman’s hand shook as he fired.

Around that pivotal event, the book weaves Malala’s life story into the broader tale of her home region of Swat, a remote, mountainous region near the Afghan border. She says it is “the most beautiful place in the world,” but it’s also a crossroads traversed for millennia by armies and invaders, from Alexander the Great to Winston Churchill.

Into this valley, in the years after 9-11 and the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan, came the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban. The book describes their arrival – preaching against girls’ education, shutting down DVD sellers and barber shops and displaying the bodies of people they executed. They blew up the region’s ancient Buddha statues, and then they began blowing up schools.

“They destroyed everything old and brought nothing new,” Malala writes.

Malala considers herself a believing Muslim and a proud member of the Pashtun ethnic group, but recounts how from an early age she questioned her culture’s attitude toward women.

“When I was born, people in our village commiserated with my mother and nobody congratulated my father,” she writes.

Her father felt differently. The book recounts her debt to Ziauddin Yousafzai, an educator who founded the school Malala attended and kept it open to girls in the face of pressure and threats. He passed on to his daughter a hunger for knowledge and a questioning spirit.

At 11, she began giving TV interviews in Pakistan about girls’ education. In 2009, she started writing a blog for the BBC Urdu service under a pseudonym.

She soon became well known within Pakistan – and therefore a potential Taliban target. But she was reassured by the thought: “Even the Taliban don’t kill children.”

That optimism proved misplaced, but – miraculously, it seemed to many – Malala survived the shooting.

The final part of the book describes Malala’s life from the moment she regained consciousness in a British hospital, where she had been flown for specialist treatment, with the thought: “Thank God I’m not dead.”

She undergoes intense pain and multiple surgeries. In the hospital, Malala asks why her abdomen appears hard and swollen. It is the top of her skull, removed to alleviate pressure and stored there until it could be reattached.

There are other striking, surprising details. Malaala’s favourite actress is Angelina Jolie. She loves the TV show Ugly Betty, whose central character works at a fashion magazine; Malala dreams “of one day going to New York and working on a magazine like her.”

In the hospital she enjoys the Shrek movies, but is shocked by the scene in Bend it Like Beckham when the female soccer players take off their jerseys to reveal sports bras.

She reads The Wonderful Wizard of Oz – sent to her by former British prime minister Gordon Brown – and identifies with Dorothy, trying to get home.

Malala goes to school in England now, and lives with her family in a house behind a big gate in the city of Birmingham. It reminds her a bit of being under house arrest.

The Malala Fund set up in her name campaigns for girls’ education around the world. She has received multiple awards and addressed the United Nations on her 16th birthday. Later this month she is due to meet Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.

She remains determined to return to Pakistan one day and enter politics. And she says the Taliban’s attempt to silence her has backfired spectacularly.

“When I was shot they thought the people would be silenced, they thought that no one would talk,” she told the BBC in a recent interview.

“I think they might be repenting why they shot Malala.”

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Unins FindStatesured More Success via Health Exchanges Run by

health care

 

“I am thrilled,” Ms. Skrebes said, referring to her policy. “It’s affordable, good coverage. And the Web site of the Minnesota exchange was pretty simple to use, pretty straightforward. The language was really clear.”

The experience described by Ms. Skrebes is in stark contrast to reports of widespread technical problems that have hampered enrollment in the online health insurance marketplace run by the federal government since it opened on Oct. 1. While many people have been frustrated in their efforts to obtain coverage through the federal exchange, which is used by more than 30 states, consumers have had more success signing up for health insurance through many of the state-run exchanges, federal and state officials and outside experts say.

Alan R. Weil, the executive director of the National Academy for State Health Policy, an independent nonpartisan group, credited the relative early success of some state exchanges to the fact that they could leap on problems more quickly than the sprawling, complex federal marketplace.

“Individual state operations are more adaptable,” Mr. Weil said. “That does not mean that states get everything right. But they can respond more quickly to solve problems as they arise.”

In addition, some states allow consumers to shop for insurance, comparing costs and benefits of different policies, without first creating an online account — a barrier for many people trying to use the federal exchange.

The state-run exchange in New York announced Tuesday that it had signed up more than 40,000 people who applied for insurance and were found eligible.

“This fast pace of sign-ups shows that New York State’s exchange is working smoothly with an overwhelming response from New Yorkers eager to get access to low-cost health insurance,” said Donna Frescatore, the executive director of the state exchange.

In Washington State, the state-run exchange had a rocky start on Oct. 1, but managed to turn things around quickly by adjusting certain parameters on its Web site to alleviate bottlenecks. By Monday, more than 9,400 people had signed up for coverage. The Washington Health Benefit Exchange does not require users to create an account before browsing plans.

“The site is up and running smoothly,” said Michael Marchand, a spokesman for the Washington exchange. “We’re seeing a lot of use, a lot of people coming to the Web site. If anything, I think it’s increasing.”

Other states reporting a steady stream of enrollments in recent days include California, Connecticut, Kentucky and Rhode Island.

In Connecticut, a spokesman for the state-run exchange, Access Health CT, said users have generally had a smooth experience with the Web site other than “a couple of bumps and hiccups on the first day.”

By Monday afternoon, the Connecticut exchange had processed 1,175 applications, said the spokesman, Jason Madrak.

Daniel N. Mendelson, the chief executive of Avalere Health, a research and consulting company, said: “On balance, the state exchanges are doing better than the federal exchange. The federal exchange has, for all practical purposes, been impenetrable. Systems problems are preventing any sort of meaningful engagement.”

“By contrast,” said Mr. Mendelson, who was a White House budget official under President Bill Clinton, “in most states, we can get information about what is being offered and the prices, and some states are allowing full enrollment. All the state exchanges that we have visited are doing better than the federal exchange at this point.”

In California, Peter V. Lee, the executive director of the state-run exchange, said that more than 16,000 applications had been completed in the first five days of open enrollment. Mr. Lee said that while the consumer experience “hasn’t been perfect,” it has been “pretty darn good.”

Some state-run exchanges have run into difficulties because they rely on the federal marketplace for parts of the application process, like verifying an applicant’s identity. Minnesota, Nevada and Rhode Island are among the states that have reported problems with the “identity-proofing” process, which requires state-run exchanges to communicate with the federal data hub.

Brandon Hardy, 31, of Louisville, Ky., was one of the first to sign up for health insurance through Kentucky’s state-run exchange, working with an application counselor who guided him through the process last Wednesday. Mr. Hardy, who is uninsured and has epileptic seizures that land him in the hospital every few months, spent about 45 minutes filling out the online application, and learned that he would be eligible for Medicaid under the health care law.

“It was pretty easy,” Mr. Hardy said of the process. “What I really need is a neurologist, and now hopefully that will happen. This is like a huge relief.”

Attempts to sign up for coverage through the federal marketplace have often proved more frustrating.

Bruce A. Charette, 60, of Tulsa, Okla., said he had been trying to log onto the Web site for the federal exchange since last Wednesday, but had not been able to see the available plans or their rates.

Mr. Charette said he was asked verification questions that did not appear to match his identity. One question, he said, asked about the name of a pet for which he had purchased health insurance two years ago. “I don’t have any pets,” he said.

“It’s obvious that the site is overloaded,” said Mr. Charette, an electrician who works in the aviation industry and said he did not have health insurance. “I am not going to stare at a computer screen for 45 minutes, waiting for a response. It looks as if the Web site is freezing up.”

Still, some groups helping people sign up for insurance through the federal marketplace said they were finally able to complete applications on Tuesday, a week into open enrollment.

“This was the first day that I have been able to get onto the Web site and sign people up,” said Laura Line, corporate assistant director for Resources for Human Development in Philadelphia, which has a contract to help people in Southeastern Pennsylvania enroll in health plans through the federal exchange. “We have been setting appointments and answering a ton of phone calls now that we are able to do something.”

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muhammad asif qualify the semi final

Add caption

muhammad asif  win the quater final match and qualify the semi final ........

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snooker table pics

snooker table

snooker table pics

snooker table pics

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Prenatal Smoking Tied to Kids' Behavior Issues

Women who smoke during pregnancy may be putting their children at increased risk for conduct problems in childhood, researchers found.

Across three different studies, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy -- whether they were reared by their genetically-related mother or an adoptive mother -- had higher mean scores on measures of conduct problems compared with children whose birth mothers did not smoke during pregnancy, according to Gordon Harold, PhD, of the University of Leicester in England, and colleagues.

In the two studies that included children raised by their genetically-related mothers, there was a positive association with number of cigarettes smoked per day and conduct problem scores among genetically-related children (P<0.001 and P=0.005), they wrote online in JAMA Psychiatry.

In the two studies (including one from the previous pair) that included children adopted at birth and raised by genetically-unrelated mothers -- but whose birth mothers smoked during pregnancy -- researchers found a positive association between conduct problem scores and the number of cigarettes that their genetically-related mothers smoked daily while pregnant (P=0.007 and P=0.04).

Prior studies have shown a relationship between children's conduct disorders and prenatal smoking in mothers, although that research did not separate prenatal environmental influences from genetic and postnatal environmental factors.

Past research also has shown a relationship between smoking while pregnant and a child's hearing loss and obesity in the offspring.

The authors studied the relationship between genetically-related mothers' smoking while pregnant with their children's conduct disorders in three studies of 1,088, 310, and 636 children, respectively, raised by genetically-related or -unrelated mothers.

The first study -- the Christchurch Health and Development Study -- was a longitudinal birth cohort in New Zealand that assessed maternal smoking during pregnancy and child behavior until age 7.

The second study -- the Early Growth and Development Study -- was a U.S., ongoing, longitudinal, multisite study of adopted children and parents, as well as birth parents. Birth parent data were used to assess maternal smoking, while adoptive parent data were used to assess the child's home environment.

The third study -- the Cardiff In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) study -- was an English study of children conceived through reproductive technologies such as homologous IVF, single-parent IVF, and embryo donation, where authors focused only on children born through maternal IVF.

Conduct problems were reported by mothers and teachers in the Christchurch study, by adoptive mothers and fathers in the Early Growth study, and by mothers and fathers in the IVF study.

Neonatal maternal smoking was reported retrospectively in each study.

Outcomes were adjusted for child sex, birth weight, race, placement age, breastfeeding, maternal education, maternal age at birth, family breakdown, parenting practices, and family socioeconomic status.

Parenting practices were assessed through measures of maternal emotional responsiveness and avoidance of restriction, and punishment and hostility.

Maternal smoking habits were broken down into zero cigarettes daily, one to nine cigarettes daily, and 10 or more cigarettes daily.

The prevalence of smoking varied by study. The New Zealand study had a prenatal smoking prevalence of 50% among children raised by genetically-unrelated mothers and 32.7% by those raised by their birth mothers. In the U.S. sample, smoking was common to 40.8% of pregnant mothers. The English study had a prevalence of 5.7% of smoking mothers who raised their children, and 3.9% of smoking mothers whose children were raised by others.

Although rates of conduct problems differed between studies, associations between maternal smoking and child behavior problems were significant in each. However, there was no significant relation between maternal smoking and behavior issues in children born through embryo donation (P=0.98).

An accompanying editorial by Theodore Slotkin, PhD, of Duke University Medical Center, noted that "There is little doubt that at least one component of tobacco smoke, nicotine, is sufficient to disrupt brain development and to evoke subsequent behavioral abnormalities" in prior research, and that the current study clearly shows that the effects seen in animal models are replicated in humans.

The model used in this literature should inform future studies into toxicants responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders related to cigarette smoke, Slotkin added.

The authors found their study was limited by the small number of genetically-unrelated smokers in the English study, as was the prevalence of maternal smoking during pregnancy among those genetically-related mothers. The study was also limited by a lack of data on co-exposure to other drugs or alcohol, use of self-reported smoking data, and lack of time-specific data on smoking and other behaviors and exposures.

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Prenatal Smoking Tied to Kids' Behavior Issues

Women who smoke during pregnancy may be putting their children at increased risk for conduct problems in childhood, researchers found.

Across three different studies, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy -- whether they were reared by their genetically-related mother or an adoptive mother -- had higher mean scores on measures of conduct problems compared with children whose birth mothers did not smoke during pregnancy, according to Gordon Harold, PhD, of the University of Leicester in England, and colleagues.

In the two studies that included children raised by their genetically-related mothers, there was a positive association with number of cigarettes smoked per day and conduct problem scores among genetically-related children (P<0.001 and P=0.005), they wrote online in JAMA Psychiatry.

In the two studies (including one from the previous pair) that included children adopted at birth and raised by genetically-unrelated mothers -- but whose birth mothers smoked during pregnancy -- researchers found a positive association between conduct problem scores and the number of cigarettes that their genetically-related mothers smoked daily while pregnant (P=0.007 and P=0.04).

Prior studies have shown a relationship between children's conduct disorders and prenatal smoking in mothers, although that research did not separate prenatal environmental influences from genetic and postnatal environmental factors.

Past research also has shown a relationship between smoking while pregnant and a child's hearing loss and obesity in the offspring.

The authors studied the relationship between genetically-related mothers' smoking while pregnant with their children's conduct disorders in three studies of 1,088, 310, and 636 children, respectively, raised by genetically-related or -unrelated mothers.

The first study -- the Christchurch Health and Development Study -- was a longitudinal birth cohort in New Zealand that assessed maternal smoking during pregnancy and child behavior until age 7.

The second study -- the Early Growth and Development Study -- was a U.S., ongoing, longitudinal, multisite study of adopted children and parents, as well as birth parents. Birth parent data were used to assess maternal smoking, while adoptive parent data were used to assess the child's home environment.

The third study -- the Cardiff In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) study -- was an English study of children conceived through reproductive technologies such as homologous IVF, single-parent IVF, and embryo donation, where authors focused only on children born through maternal IVF.

Conduct problems were reported by mothers and teachers in the Christchurch study, by adoptive mothers and fathers in the Early Growth study, and by mothers and fathers in the IVF study.

Neonatal maternal smoking was reported retrospectively in each study.

Outcomes were adjusted for child sex, birth weight, race, placement age, breastfeeding, maternal education, maternal age at birth, family breakdown, parenting practices, and family socioeconomic status.

Parenting practices were assessed through measures of maternal emotional responsiveness and avoidance of restriction, and punishment and hostility.

Maternal smoking habits were broken down into zero cigarettes daily, one to nine cigarettes daily, and 10 or more cigarettes daily.

The prevalence of smoking varied by study. The New Zealand study had a prenatal smoking prevalence of 50% among children raised by genetically-unrelated mothers and 32.7% by those raised by their birth mothers. In the U.S. sample, smoking was common to 40.8% of pregnant mothers. The English study had a prevalence of 5.7% of smoking mothers who raised their children, and 3.9% of smoking mothers whose children were raised by others.

Although rates of conduct problems differed between studies, associations between maternal smoking and child behavior problems were significant in each. However, there was no significant relation between maternal smoking and behavior issues in children born through embryo donation (P=0.98).

An accompanying editorial by Theodore Slotkin, PhD, of Duke University Medical Center, noted that "There is little doubt that at least one component of tobacco smoke, nicotine, is sufficient to disrupt brain development and to evoke subsequent behavioral abnormalities" in prior research, and that the current study clearly shows that the effects seen in animal models are replicated in humans.

The model used in this literature should inform future studies into toxicants responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders related to cigarette smoke, Slotkin added.

The authors found their study was limited by the small number of genetically-unrelated smokers in the English study, as was the prevalence of maternal smoking during pregnancy among those genetically-related mothers. The study was also limited by a lack of data on co-exposure to other drugs or alcohol, use of self-reported smoking data, and lack of time-specific data on smoking and other behaviors and exposures.

Read More